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            <div class="post-toc animated"><ol class="nav"><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#HTTP"><span class="nav-number">1.</span> <span class="nav-text">HTTP</span></a><ol class="nav-child"><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#HTTP-%E8%BF%9E%E6%8E%A5%E6%B5%81%E7%A8%8B"><span class="nav-number">1.1.</span> <span class="nav-text">HTTP 连接流程</span></a><ol class="nav-child"><li class="nav-item nav-level-4"><a class="nav-link" href="#HTTP%E5%AD%98%E5%9C%A8%E7%9A%84%E9%97%AE%E9%A2%98"><span class="nav-number">1.1.1.</span> <span class="nav-text">HTTP存在的问题</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-4"><a class="nav-link" href="#HTTP%E5%90%84%E7%89%88%E6%9C%AC%E5%8C%BA%E5%88%AB"><span class="nav-number">1.1.2.</span> <span class="nav-text">HTTP各版本区别</span></a></li></ol></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#1-0"><span class="nav-number">1.2.</span> <span class="nav-text">1.0</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#1-1"><span class="nav-number">1.3.</span> <span class="nav-text">1.1</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#2-0"><span class="nav-number">1.4.</span> <span class="nav-text">2.0</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#3-0"><span class="nav-number">1.5.</span> <span class="nav-text">3.0</span></a></li></ol></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#HTTPS"><span class="nav-number">2.</span> <span class="nav-text">HTTPS</span></a><ol class="nav-child"><li class="nav-item nav-level-4"><a class="nav-link" href="#%E6%94%B9%E5%96%84"><span class="nav-number">2.0.1.</span> <span class="nav-text">改善</span></a></li></ol></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#%E6%A6%82%E5%BF%B5"><span class="nav-number">2.1.</span> <span class="nav-text">概念</span></a><ol class="nav-child"><li class="nav-item nav-level-4"><a class="nav-link" href="#%E9%9D%9E%E5%AF%B9%E7%A7%B0%E5%8A%A0%E5%AF%86"><span class="nav-number">2.1.1.</span> <span class="nav-text">非对称加密</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-4"><a class="nav-link" href="#%E5%AF%B9%E7%A7%B0%E5%8A%A0%E5%AF%86"><span class="nav-number">2.1.2.</span> <span class="nav-text">对称加密</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-4"><a class="nav-link" href="#%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%97%E6%91%98%E8%A6%81%EF%BC%88%E6%91%98%E8%A6%81%E7%AE%97%E6%B3%95%E3%80%81%E5%93%88%E5%B8%8C%E7%AE%97%E6%B3%95%E3%80%81%E6%95%A3%E5%88%97%E7%AE%97%E6%B3%95%EF%BC%89"><span class="nav-number">2.1.3.</span> <span class="nav-text">数字摘要（摘要算法、哈希算法、散列算法）</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-4"><a class="nav-link" href="#%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%97%E7%AD%BE%E5%90%8D"><span class="nav-number">2.1.4.</span> <span class="nav-text">数字签名</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-4"><a class="nav-link" href="#%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%97%E8%AF%81%E4%B9%A6"><span class="nav-number">2.1.5.</span> <span class="nav-text">数字证书</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-4"><a class="nav-link" href="#%E8%AF%81%E4%B9%A6%E8%AE%A4%E8%AF%81%E6%B5%81%E7%A8%8B"><span class="nav-number">2.1.6.</span> <span class="nav-text">证书认证流程</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-4"><a class="nav-link" href="#%E8%AF%81%E4%B9%A6%E8%A7%A3%E6%9E%90%E6%B5%81%E7%A8%8B"><span class="nav-number">2.1.7.</span> <span class="nav-text">证书解析流程</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-4"><a class="nav-link" href="#%E8%BF%9E%E6%8E%A5%E6%B5%81%E7%A8%8B"><span class="nav-number">2.1.8.</span> <span class="nav-text">连接流程</span></a></li></ol></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%AB%A0"><span class="nav-number">2.2.</span> <span class="nav-text">参考文章</span></a></li></ol></li></ol></div>
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          HTTP协议
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        <h2 id="HTTP"><a href="#HTTP" class="headerlink" title="HTTP"></a>HTTP</h2><p>HTTP 即超文本传输协议（HyperText Transfer Protocol）</p>
<h3 id="HTTP-连接流程"><a href="#HTTP-连接流程" class="headerlink" title="HTTP 连接流程"></a>HTTP 连接流程</h3><p><img src="https://gitee.com/vhuichen/images/raw/master/img/20210418175541.jpg"></p>
<ul>
<li>域名解析  </li>
<li>发起TCP的3次握手   </li>
<li>Web浏览器向Web服务器发送http请求命令  </li>
<li>Web浏览器发送http请求头信息</li>
<li>Web服务器应答  </li>
<li>Web服务器发送应答头信息   </li>
<li>Web服务器向浏览器发送数据    </li>
<li>Web服务器关闭TCP连接</li>
</ul>
<p>TCP连接在发送后将仍然保持打开状态，浏览器可以继续通过相同的连接发送请求。保持连接节省了为每个请求建立新连接所需的时间，还节约了网络带宽。</p>
<h4 id="HTTP存在的问题"><a href="#HTTP存在的问题" class="headerlink" title="HTTP存在的问题"></a>HTTP存在的问题</h4><ul>
<li><p>窃听风险<br><img src="https://gitee.com/vhuichen/images/raw/master/img/20210418175539.jpg"></p>
</li>
<li><p>篡改风险<br><img src="https://gitee.com/vhuichen/images/raw/master/img/20210418175538.jpg"></p>
</li>
<li><p>冒充风险<br><img src="https://gitee.com/vhuichen/images/raw/master/img/20210418175543.jpg"></p>
</li>
</ul>
<h4 id="HTTP各版本区别"><a href="#HTTP各版本区别" class="headerlink" title="HTTP各版本区别"></a>HTTP各版本区别</h4><p>HTTP1.x 版本数据传输是通过多个TCP实现的，同时最多开启的TCP可以达到6~8个</p>
<h3 id="1-0"><a href="#1-0" class="headerlink" title="1.0"></a>1.0</h3><ul>
<li>无法长连接，请求完数据立即断开TCP</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="1-1"><a href="#1-1" class="headerlink" title="1.1"></a>1.1</h3><ul>
<li>引入了长连接，TCP可以被多个请求复用   </li>
<li>引入了管道机制，同一个TCP里面可以发送多个请求，但服务器还是顺序执行，可能会出现“队头阻塞”<br><img src="https://gitee.com/vhuichen/images/raw/master/img/20210418175506.jpg"></li>
</ul>
<figure class="highlight plaintext"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">HTTP1.1 遗留问题：  </span><br><span class="line">1、头部没有压缩就发送，数据量大。多个请求的头部是一样的</span><br><span class="line">2、服务器是按照请求的顺序响应的，会出现“队头阻塞”  </span><br><span class="line">3、没有请求优先级控制  </span><br><span class="line">4、服务器无法主动下发数据  </span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<h3 id="2-0"><a href="#2-0" class="headerlink" title="2.0"></a>2.0</h3><ul>
<li>二进制格式<br>头信息和数据体都是二进制，并且统称为帧(frame)：头信息帧和数据帧。</li>
<li>数据流<br>每个数据流都标记着一个独一无二的编号，其中规定客户端发出的数据流编号为奇数， 服务器发出的数据流编号为偶数。 </li>
<li>优先级<br>客户端还可以指定数据流的优先级。优先级高的请求，服务器就先响应该请求。</li>
<li>多路复用<br>一个连接中并发多个请求或回应，而不用按照顺序一一对应。</li>
<li>头部压缩<br>同时发出多个请求，他们的头是一样的或是相似的，那么，协议会帮你消除重复的部分。</li>
<li>服务器推送<br>请求 HTML 的时候，就提前把可能会用到的 JS、CSS 文件等静态资源主动发给客户端，减少延时的等待</li>
</ul>
<figure class="highlight plaintext"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">遗留问题：</span><br><span class="line">1.x 是通过多个TCP传输数据的，2.0 改为单个TCP传输数据，当一个TCP丢包需要重发时，会阻塞HTTP请求</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<h3 id="3-0"><a href="#3-0" class="headerlink" title="3.0"></a>3.0</h3><ul>
<li>将 TCP 改为 UDP</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="HTTPS"><a href="#HTTPS" class="headerlink" title="HTTPS"></a>HTTPS</h2><p>HTTPS &#x3D; HTTP + SSL&#x2F;TLS</p>
<h4 id="改善"><a href="#改善" class="headerlink" title="改善"></a>改善</h4><ul>
<li>信息加密<br>混合加密的方式实现信息的机密性，解决了窃听的风险。</li>
<li>校验机制<br>摘要算法的方式来实现完整性，它能够为数据生成独一无二的「指纹」，指纹用于校验数据的完整性，解决了篡改的风险。</li>
<li>身份证书<br>将服务器公钥放入到数字证书中，解决了冒充的风险。</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="概念"><a href="#概念" class="headerlink" title="概念"></a>概念</h3><p>HTTS 采用混合加密方式（非对称加密 + 对称加密），建立连接时使用非对称加密，建立连接后使用对称加密。</p>
<h4 id="非对称加密"><a href="#非对称加密" class="headerlink" title="非对称加密"></a>非对称加密</h4><p>拥有两个密钥，公钥和私钥。公钥加密，私钥解密，反过来，私钥加密，公钥解密。<br>特性：加解密慢（使用了大量的乘除法）。适用于一对多通信。安全性高，私钥是保密的。</p>
<h4 id="对称加密"><a href="#对称加密" class="headerlink" title="对称加密"></a>对称加密</h4><p>加密和解密使用同一个秘钥<br>特性：加解密快（只使用了位移操作）。适用于一对一通信。秘钥难分发，难管理。</p>
<h4 id="数字摘要（摘要算法、哈希算法、散列算法）"><a href="#数字摘要（摘要算法、哈希算法、散列算法）" class="headerlink" title="数字摘要（摘要算法、哈希算法、散列算法）"></a>数字摘要（摘要算法、哈希算法、散列算法）</h4><p>采用单向Hash函数生成一个不可逆的“摘要”。<br>常用的数字摘要算法：MD5、SHA-1、SHA-2<br>特点：单向，不可逆  </p>
<figure class="highlight plaintext"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">数字摘要保证了数据的唯一性，相同的文本得到的“摘要”一定相等，不相等的文本得到的“摘要”极小概率相等（哈希碰撞）</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<h4 id="数字签名"><a href="#数字签名" class="headerlink" title="数字签名"></a>数字签名</h4><p>对 <code>明文 + 数字摘要</code> 进行加密，得到的就是<code>数字签名</code></p>
<figure class="highlight plaintext"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">数字签名保证了数据的完整性</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p><img src="https://gitee.com/vhuichen/images/raw/master/img/20210418175545.jpg"></p>
<h4 id="数字证书"><a href="#数字证书" class="headerlink" title="数字证书"></a>数字证书</h4><p><code>数字签名</code>用CA（权威的认证机构）的私钥加密，得到<code>数字证书</code>   </p>
<figure class="highlight plaintext"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">数字证书保证和数据的安全性</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h4 id="证书认证流程"><a href="#证书认证流程" class="headerlink" title="证书认证流程"></a>证书认证流程</h4><p><img src="https://gitee.com/vhuichen/images/raw/master/img/20210419012708.jpg"></p>
<h4 id="证书解析流程"><a href="#证书解析流程" class="headerlink" title="证书解析流程"></a>证书解析流程</h4><p><img src="https://gitee.com/vhuichen/images/raw/master/img/20210418175540.jpg"></p>
<h4 id="连接流程"><a href="#连接流程" class="headerlink" title="连接流程"></a>连接流程</h4><p><img src="https://gitee.com/vhuichen/images/raw/master/img/20210418175542.jpg"></p>
<h3 id="参考文章"><a href="#参考文章" class="headerlink" title="参考文章"></a>参考文章</h3><p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://www.toutiao.com/a6802216564595622408">https://www.toutiao.com/a6802216564595622408</a></p>

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